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The problem of rural surplus labor into the city of


Abstract: Since 1978, China started a large-scale agricultural surplus labor transfer. Tens of millions of peasants into cities in search of a large number of employment opportunities. This phenomenon is a significant impact on our society. In this paper, the direction of labor force into the city, the role of rural labor into the city and the employment impact of rural to urban migration of the factors studied such issues. This article focuses on the study of the last question. Keywords: surplus labor uncertainty risk Chinese papers League finishing. Farmers into the city is a historical trend and the law. Our early 90s from the 20th century began, there have been scale up to tens of millions of farmers into the city Flood, a large number of them into the cities, especially into the cities to seek employment opportunities. According to statistics, the number of rural migrant workers abroad in 1998 reached 4424 million. Large number of Flood, not only to transportation and urban pressure and problems in order of life, and a large number of peasants who can not solve the employment problem is often no In recent years there has been some pressure to increase. Of the transfer of surplus rural labor to cities has those features, what effect this shift, those factors influence the transfer of surplus rural labor to cities? This paper will study these are the main contents. Migrant labor force in the direction of a (a) the direction of urban type in the type size of China's cities, small towns are the transfer of rural surplus labor the main direction, it can accommodate the space for a huge rural labor force. Small towns in the economically developed regions such as Guangdong, southern Jiangsu, has formed the economic cluster of towns, not only to accommodate the local transfer of rural labor force, but also absorb a large number of foreign transfer of labor. With the reform of the hukou system, farmers enter the small town has basically been eliminated the threshold, it will further accommodate a large number of rural migrant workers. Entering the small town of employment, there are still a large number of occupied land, especially land resources, ecological environment protection and other issues of small towns, need to be further studied and solved. The development of cities, in order to absorb the rural labor force into the city to provide a broad space, known as manufacturing, their arrival and join the urban labor force to fill the cities many gaps in service areas of life, the construction of the city played a role can not be underestimated. Into the large and medium cities in the area of ​​employment, there is forecast to accommodate urban employment, the cost of migrant workers into urban management issues and employment rights of rural workers in cities have much value judgments normative economics problem that requires further study to resolve. (B) the direction of occupational groups work in rural migrant labor force, can be divided into the following categories: 1 formal informal jobs jobs including construction workers, factory workers, business assistant, catering staff and hotel and other services organizations and institutions such as logistics service. These people have organized features, are generally formal employment, and its more stable career. This is the city's economic and social structure of an organic component. 2 jobs, including scattered in small shops, vendors, family nanny, light industry (especially the garment industry, etc.) and handicrafts such as labor, contract or counters in shopping malls, a number of individual businesses in the Department (such as catering, hair salon, etc.) undocumented workers, illegal employment by contractors, reselling goods, as well as engaging in undesirable occupation and so on. Many of these people do not apply for workers employed in the city permit, many people rely on rental license and engaged in business, many people are operating without a license state. Such person is the low level of social organization, many of them on a career in an unstable state, in a sense also constitutes social unrest. 3 jobs created their own city into the town some of the rural labor force, investment business and even set up factories in the city to find these people in addition to his position, while also expanding their business, inviting friends and relatives with the same region and other areas fellow migrant workers, and the city's labor recruitment. In general, investment in enterprises recruit business people and their personnel, more attention in the city's Second, the employment of rural labor into the city role (a) of the elements to fill the vacancy in the city the city's economic and social development process, various elements should be available and balanced. The diversity of social labor and stratification, as workers who required elements of the supply of labor is also a diverse, multi-level. Problems in the city jobs, rural migrant workers into the most urban people do not want to go to work, these positions is a positive labor supply to fill the shortage of state. In general, the rural migrant workers in particular jobs in which the rural labor force has a poor working environment, occupational prestige is low, the characteristics of low wages. Such as construction workers, city cleaners, unskilled workers, also a considerable number of foreign population own stall shop, in business, catering, services, sewing and other services to hard labor. The jobs are often reluctant to engage in the city's local workers, but for the city's economic and social life must be that they are in the local labor supply to fill the vacancies, it is clear that to fill a vacancy on the city employment is beneficial to maintain necessary for the normal operation of the city. (B) of the city's labor cost savings of rural migrant labor in urban employment, wages are often low and hard, employers use them cheap, cost savings, help to improve economic efficiency. Downturn in recent years, many state-owned enterprises,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], state-owned enterprises of rural migrant workers alternative employment labor force, reducing the company's labor costs to help maintain production and to obtain economic benefits. (C) of the jobs involved in the competition in some cities and towns of rural migrant labor force in many aspects of the city's employment impact. Should be noted that rural migrant labor force, some people have a certain cultural level, professional vocational skills, with some of the quality of the urban labor force is not high in competition. In a sense, this competition will also promote the city's business. Engaged in manual labor in rural areas into the city, in the process of urban employment practice by practitioners and a variety of training, the growth of skilled workers, skilled workers with the formation of local competition for jobs is inevitable. A large number of rural migrant labor in the service industry labor, but also with the city's older, and older laid-off workers skills exists between the employment competition. In full recognition of the positive role of rural migrant labor force, we must see the situation of urban-rural split completely broken and the domestic labor market integration is an inevitable trend, from the transfer of rural surplus labor into the pressure and the rural City to see the prospect of competition in labor force participation, urban employment is likely to cause greater impact on the situation, therefore, must be further along with this emphasis, make long-term planning, coordinating urban and rural local labor supply, the relationship between migrant workers in order to facilitate the market system to promote employment and stable employment situation.

three of the transfer of rural to urban factors 1 of the classical model and the new period of industrialization of agricultural labor force theory and experience indicate that the process of industrialization of agricultural surplus labor is to urban industrial and other non-agricultural industries in the process. After the war, the rise of development economics, the earliest method of using mathematical models of this rural-urban migration is the study of behavior, Lewis's the transfer of surplus labor - capital accumulation - the industrial sector expansion - Dual structural change However, due to the irrational number of theoretical assumptions and conclusions of the heavy and light agricultural policy orientation, the theory gradually neglected by the people. The advent of the 70s of last century's delay Darrow model interpretation of rural-urban migration in developing countries, seems to be more persuasive. Drag Darrow pointed out that if farmers move to cities depending on their expectations on the urban-rural income differential. The difference between the expected urban-rural income differential and depends on the actual income of urban and rural areas into the city to find work after the possibility (that is, the probability of employment) in size. When the difference between urban and rural real income constant, the greater the probability of employment, the greater the difference between expected income urban and rural areas, the greater the attraction of farmers into the city, the greater the scale of urban-rural migration. The size of the probability of urban employment, while the unemployment rate depends on the size of the city, on the other hand depends on the new city the number of jobs created, but also migrants in the city on the length of stay. Darrow appears in drag, high urban unemployment and lower rates of job creation will undoubtedly have a negative impact of farmers working in cities, but (in the urban-rural income gap is very significant in the case) into the city to stay with the farmers time, increasing the likelihood of finding a job. Therefore, even very serious urban unemployment, farmers continued to cities. To do this, drag Darrow pointed out that the city develop its modern manufacturing and other sectors, further widening the difference between urban and rural economy, as attention turned to the development of agriculture and the agricultural economy, by reducing the difference between urban and rural economies, reduce rural-urban migration. Drag Darrow accelerated flow model for urban and rural population and urban unemployment of the paradox of coexistence has made a reasonable explanation, which has been generally agreed that the economics profession. The model of urban and rural population movements on the interpretation of the reasons for a new breakthrough, the model advocated by the advocates on the development of the rural economy of developing countries also increasingly attracted widespread attention. However, the delay model considers only Darrow income differences while ignoring the risk of migration of the impact of migration decision-making, and therefore can not complete